Compiled from the following sources:
Special biographic research
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2002-2006
Who's Who, Current Chinese Leaders
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2003-2005
Zhongguo Gongchandang Lijie Zhongyang Weiyuan Dacidian, 1921-2003
Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 2004
People's Daily Online
XINHUA Online (China View)
Revision History:
Biography Revised: 3/15/2013
Career Data Updated: 3/15/2013
Former President of China; Former Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission; Former Chairman of the Central Military Commission